And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays

And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays Have you ever been in a dark, desolate room in complete seclusion from everyone else where you sense a presence nearby, but when you turn around, nobody's there? Have you ever been so afraid that you can't sleep at night? I believe that anyone who is an actual human being can agree with me that, in some way, everyone has felt some kind of fear and excitement due to a scary movie, book, or even reality. After reading this novel by Agatha Christie, And Then There Were None, I can honestly say that there is a book out there that can give me the shivers. Never have I been so afraid of a fictional - based story that I wasn't able to go to sleep that very same night I finished the novel. Not only did the plot of the story keep me on the edge of my seat, but the personalities and the secretiveness of the characters kept me in suspense as well. The novel takes place on Indian Island, a location known for publicity and curiosity, yet nobody knows for sure who owns this piece of land. In the beginning chapters of this book, you become familiar with the ten main characters who are out to spend an eight-day vacation on this secluded island with only a vague invitation with some variety on each one. The descriptions of each character are specified clearly, yet each holds a secret that they wouldn't dare to share with anyone else on the island. When the guests each arrive in their rooms, they find a riddle called "Ten Little Indians" which plays a significant role throughout the book, for this riddle tells the death of ten men on an island (ironic, eh?). By night time, they are all acquainted with each other, until a noise projecting from the wall tells a story about the guests and how they are all charged for a murder they could never be tried for. Now this book might somehow seem like an episode out of a "Clue" mysteryâ₠¬â€œbut did "Clue" ever give you the chills you get on the back of your neck? No, I didn't think so! Suddenly, in the few ...

Consumer Law Essay Example

Consumer Law Essay Example Consumer Law Essay Consumer Law Essay Essay Topic: Law The most useful dictionary definition of a consumer is someone who buys goods and services for personal use or need (Chambers 21st Century Dictionary). All consumer transactions are based on the law of contract. The consumer agrees to purchase goods or services and the seller in return provide those goods or services. Every exchange of goods is an agreement between the buyer and seller thus making them based on the law of contact. The major act that supports and assists consumers is the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA), as amended by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002. The Sale of Goods Act covers transactions where goods are transferred for monetary consideration, called the price(Nutshells p. 1). In the course of this essay I will be looking at the relevant Acts in order to establish how the law seeks to protect the consumer. In the light of the question, by looking at the useful dictionary definition and the definition provided by the relevant statutes, which states that a consumer is a natural person entering into a contract with another in the course of business we can see that Lil clearly fits the definition of a consumer by meeting both the definitions set out. In order to proceed we must now define the seller and what it means to be in the course of business. This phrase can be used in both civil and criminal law and the courts in relation have tried to keep the meaning same across both sections, RB Customs Brokers Co Ltd v. united Dominion Trust Ltd (a civil case) which followed the guidance in Davies v. Summer (a criminal case). In relation to our scenario as the goods, which in this case is the shoes, are transferred for a monetary consideration, the sale is governed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Under this Act the implied terms set out by S. 14 only apply when the goods are sold in the course of business with the transaction being an integral part of the business, with some degree of regularity and in the nature of trade and carried out with a view to making a profit, this can be seen in the case of Stevenson v. Rogers (1999). This section does not cover any private sales and there is an exception where the sale is carried out as a hobby, with no significant profit being made. In the light of our scenario we can clearly name Tuffstuff as the seller and acting in the course of business because the goods (shoes) where sold within the store where transaction is an integral part of their business. There is a degree of regularity because they are constantly in the course of business selling shoes thus being in the nature of trade with a view to making profit from their sales. Now that I have identified the parties to the valid contract I will be looking at the terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Sections 12,13,14 and 15 of this Act imply terms into contracts for the sale of goods. The essential issue here is whether the goods (shoes) where fit for their purpose. Section 14 (3) of the SGA 1979 states that the seller sells goods any particular purpose for which such goods are commonly supplied (P. 11 Unit Guide). By using and applying this rule to the facts of the case we can see that purpose of the goods are essential. This is to say whether or not the purpose is one for which such goods are commonly supplied and used for or one that the consumer has used it for. The purpose could be made known by implication where the purposes of the goods in question are obvious, e. . a hot water bottle in the case of Preist v. Last 1903 (Consumer Law P. 45). In relation to our case facts we do not know what kind of shop the consumer brought the shoes from or the type of shoes theyve brought in detail, we can only rely on the statement made by the shop manager which states that the shoes were not intended for use on rugged terrain. It is stated that consumers frequently buy one-purpose goods where no advice is taken from the seller regarding the goods because the purpose is implied being only one-purpose goods hence breaching S. 14 (2) and 14(3) if the goods are defective. In relation to multi-purpose goods the buyer is advised to ask as many questions as possible about the goods and what they can use it for in order to benefit under S. 14 (3). This can be seen in the case of Griffiths v. Peter Conway Ltd 1939 where the buyers skin condition was not communicated to the seller thus there was no breach of S. 14 (2) or S. 14 (3). If in cases such as this the buyer does not communicate what they intend to use the goods for, other then their normal purpose, then the extent of the sellers obligation is to ensure that the goods are fit for what their original purpose is for (Jewson Ltd v. Kelly 2003). In the light of our scenario we can see that the consumer used the shoes on a hill-walking holiday. The shoes are one-purpose goods and are not intended for specifically to be used on rugged terrain, as the retailer reasonably assumed. There was no communication between Lil and the seller prior to the sale regarding if the shoes could be used for hill-walking, if however Lil asked many questions and gathered information regarding the goods then she could have got the maximum benefit under S. 14 (3). Section. 14 SGA implies that goods must be of satisfactory quality. In order to advise Lil on her contractual rights it is vital to understand this section of the Act. To begin with, the topic here regards the quality and fitness of the product in concern. Section. 14 (2) states that Where the seller sells goods. supplied are of satisfactory quality. In order to move on we must understand what satisfactory quality means. Before 1994 the test was to see if the goods were of merchantable quality. This was later replaced by the test of satisfactory quality. The need for this change was highlighted in the case of Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (1987) (Consumer Law P. 45). The wording of the SGA 1979 was amended with the passing of SGA Amendment Act 1979 which now states that goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory (P. 11 Unit Guide) taking account of any description of the goods, the price and all other relevant circumstances (s. 14 (2a)). Also s. 14 (2b) states that quality of goods include their state or condition and 5 other points (A. Fitness for all commonly supplied, B. appearance and finish, C. freedom from minor defects, D. safety and E. durability (P. 11 Unit Guide)). In the light of our case points A, D and possibly E clearly apply as relevant and need to be considered because the other 2 quality points can be seen as fulfilled by the seller. The shoes purchased by the consumer were not durable and had fallen apart making them unwearable which could be unsafe for the consumer. The fact that the shoes were not durable could mea n they are not of satisfactory quality under the SGA 1979. The case of Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (1987) could be useful under the durability section. The question we need to ask is how long we expect new goods to last? From the Act this is hard to figure out because the definition states durability is a factor but does not give any further information so it is useful to look at the facts of each case in order to determine durability of new goods. In the Bernstein case Rougier J. held that the car brought was not merchantable quality because you would expect buying a new car the engine would not seize up after three weeks. In todays case the car would not be one of satisfactory quality. Before we come to a solid conclusion regarding Lils contractual rights and any remedies, which may exist, another issue raises. Terms in S. 13, 14 (2) and 14 (3) are all conditions. Their importance is vital as buyers are concerned because they can affect the remedies they can pursue. However S. 11 (4) of the SGA points out that where a contract of sale is not severable to be treated as a breach of warranty (Nutshells P. 14). The issue is whether there is evidence of acceptance of the goods, which affects the type of remedy the consumer, is entitled to claim. Sections 34 and 35 of the SGA administrate acceptance and S. 35 declare that acceptance can occur in three ways. 1) By intimation to the seller that is to say verbally notifying the seller that you accept the good 2) by an act after delivery inconsistent with the sellers ownership 3) via retention beyond a reasonable time (Consumer Law and Practice P. 110-12). In connection with our scenario the final method of acceptance (number 3) is decisive. The question we need to ask is when does the time start to run and what is considered to be reasonable? The fundamental case of Bernstein v Pamson Motors (1987) where it was held keeping the car in question for three weeks constituted to acceptance, which meant the consumer, was entitled to an equitable remedy only (Nutshells P. 15). However this case was seen not to be advantageous to consumers and the amendments mean that the law is now more in favour of the consumer. The Court of Appeal recently held that Bernstein was no longer good law. In the case of Clegg v. Olle Andersson (2003) the aim behind S. 5 (5) had been achieved and that the buyer could reject his yacht even after seven months (Consumer Law and Practice P. 113) Nevertheless having possession of goods beyond reasonable period of time still constitutes acceptance but reasonableness is a question of fact and the issue of having reasonable time to examine the goods must be considered. In relation to our scenario and the case facts the question we need to ask is whether Lils holiday is reasonable time for acceptance and reas onable time to examine the goods? The facts of the cases are very special in order to come to a conclusion. In tradition a problem like this is unlikely to arise because Lil will have a right of repair or replacement under the 2002 Regulations or, if this is not achievable, a suitable degree of reduction in the price she has paid. By looking at the case facts it could be said that Lil wore the shoes through out the holiday, even though clearly the shoes were not fit for the purpose of hill walking. This could be seen as her accepting the shoes. If after wearing the shoes Lil had realised that they were falling apart and not worn them again then she would argue that she has not accepted the goods and could reject the shoes. We have not been told how long the holiday has been for, and the fact that she has worn the shoes through out the hill-walking holiday till the end, I believe, constitutes to Lil accepting the goods. This is to say that the term under S. 14 (3) SGA is no longer a condition and is now to be treated as a warranty only. This is governed under S. 11 (4) SGA, which provides where a contract of sale is not severable and the buyer has accepted the goods the breach of any condition is to be treated as a warranty (Nutshells P. 14). Lil has accepted the goods so damages are the only remedy. The case of Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) and Sections 51 to 53 SGA set out the details of the kind of damages that Lil can claim. In cases such as this most retailers offer a replacement, but because in this case Tuffstuff no longer stock the same type of shoe, then the other remedy of repair will be available. She will be entitled to damages for breach of warranty for the product S. 53 SGA. In this case it will be the cost of putting the goods right and any inconvenience of not having the goods (distress) that it may have caused. Repair of the goods is therefore the most likely and logical outcome of this case. In connection to the alleged exclusion liability clause printed on the receipt the first point that needs to be considered is whether or not, by the common law rules, the clauses have been incorporated in the contract. First of all the type of document involved is important. In the case of Chapelton v. Barry UDC (1940) a receipt could not be expected to contain vitally important exclusion clauses and it was held that there was no incorporation. In the light of our scenario we can se that the exclusion of liability is printed on the reverse of the receipt, which was handed to Lil when she brought the shoes. Also from the facts we can see that reasonable steps werent taken to bring the notice before Lil prior to the contract is made. In the light of this argument the exclusion liability will not be incorporated into the contract. However we are not aware, from the case facts, what the exclusion liability is or how vitally important it is. If the exclusion liablilty appears to be incorporated into the contract, being not vitally important, then it will be governed by UCTA (Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977). The clause printed is trying to exclude liability. Any clause, which is trying to do this, with the effect of UCTA S. 6, will be deemed as void when the buyer is dealing as a consumer (P. 20-4 Unit Guide). The question now is whether Lil was dealing as a consumer? Again by S. 6 of UCTA a person deals as a consumer when s/he buys from someone acting in the course of business where the buyer holds himself or herself as just a private buyer and not acting in the course of a business. From the case we can clearly see that Lil is a consumer thus making the exclusion of liability void. In addition, Consumer Transactions Order 1976 states that, a trader can be guilty of a criminal offence where they exhibit a void exclusion clause in a notice, or in this case on a till receipt. Tuffstuff therefore could be guilty of a criminal offence. Overall because acceptance has occurred by Lil the condition by S. 11 (4) of the SGA becomes a warranty for which only the damages that I have set out above could be claimed.

Comparative Politics 4 Current events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Politics 4 Current events - Essay Example She had criticized the opinion polls for giving wrong information. She wanted to convince her supporters that she was only the right candidate for the post as the other two candidates were only fit for other big business. The major thing that she wanted to bring out was the monopoly the banks and financial systems had experienced. Marine Le Pen reminded the supporters about the collapsed government of Holland earlier that week. The collapse was based on detestation of immigrants and Islam. The article continues to bring out Wilders and Le Pen as people who joined the right parties that propelled them to victory. Economic crisis is influencing politics in many parts of the world. It is shown the many factors that influence voters during election time. These range from debts and globalization. Popular people who were considered the right candidate for a similar financial position come from nations that have well established welfare states such as Austria, Denmark or Finland. Such popul ar people like Pia Kj?rsgaard from Denmark make promises of availing public spending and introducing immigration controls. Such measures cannot be welcomed easily in America. Americans expect to hear proposals about tax that penalize the deprived and favor the affluent. Americans are used to listening to high expending on bombs and social issues like gay marriage in election time. The Americans were awakened by the 2008 crash and the Tea Party. The working class people are no longer fooled by empty promises on social security issues. They now understand business and the role of the government. Capitalism is witnessed by even the poor as they differentiate between donated money in commerce and the associated cost when things do not work out. The Americans need to stop fearing Islam and stop focusing more on constitution of the government so as to understand factors that Europe base on when they campaign for elections. Europe base more on economic decline or growth, globalization and political stability. The importance of this current event to world politics is that it enables people to appreciate the main factors that are based on within politics. Supporters came to understand the factors Europe puts upfront: economic growth, globalization and political stability. At the same time, Americans came to hear only of proposals on tax favoring the rich, high spending on bombs and usual social issues. This makes them to stick to principles that are conservative and tend to be enduring in every aspect. If American politicians could understand the same parameters as those Europeans, public sectors will be saved from destruction. And even the corporations will aim at benefitting the voters more than the politicians. Obama, Romney skip taxpayer money for campaign obtained from: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2012/04/mitt-romney-public-financing-presidential-campaign-/1 This article presents this current event as one of its kind in the entire world . The author states that ever since 1976, all campaigns for the post of the president in United States of America will not use money raised by the taxpayer. The two major parties in United States of America; Republican Party as well as Democratic Party have decided to use other means of financing their nominated Presidential aspirants. Republican National Committee’

The Future of the Entertainment Media Industry and Your Contribution Scholarship Essay

The Future of the Entertainment Media Industry and Your Contribution Within It - Scholarship Essay Example Media and entertainment industry draws me like the magnet to improve my skills and to better my financial prospectus. By the time I graduate from the school, I have decided that my career is in the entertainment industry and sound engineering shall be my specialization. I begin to study the literature on this subject and settle on Full Sail University that offers specialized courses on a series of subjects related to the entertainment industry. This renowned University is rendering yeoman service in the world of recording arts since 1979. The University is moving with the times and it has profound understanding of the professional opportunities available to the students in the industry and trains them accordingly. Perfect audio and sound play a vital role in every segment of the entertainment industry. Movies and entertainment programs on the television that are broadcasted through thousands of channels all over the world provide immense scope to the students of recording arts. I have the opportunity to go through the details provided in â€Å"the University Hall of Fame regarding the extraordinary accomplishments of select Full Sail graduates who have sterling achievements to their credit in their career field.†(Recording, n. p.) I desire to be one of them and shape myself as a top entertainment and media professional. This, I believe, is possible by completing the 20 month/21-month campus bachelor’s degree program. Since the tuition fees devolved for this branch of study are high, possibly at present, I am unable to afford it. I submit my application for Creative Spark Scholarship amounting to $10,000, which will enable me to fulfill my ambition. I expect a favorable decision on my request for scholarship. This is the crucial period in my life, and I hope your benign intervention will do much to change the course of my life for better and

Solutions To Environmental Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Solutions To Environmental Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay It is believed that globalization has numerous benefits to the economy of China. In recent decades, China has witnessed rapid economic growth due to economic reforms. Its GDP has increased by more than seven percent per annum. However the fact that globalization negatively affects the environment cannot be ignored. Apparently China is witnessing serous environmental problems. Not only do these problems impair the progress in the economic development but also have harmful effects on the peoples health. The government of China can consider formulating clear policies, educate the masses concerning these issues and using technology to tackle these problems. Some of the pollutions that need to be tackled include; water, soil and air pollution. T1. Soil Erosion 1. Background Globalization has had a significant effect on the soil. This is because it causes deforestation which then leads to soil erosion. The end result is desertification. Desertification for instance is caused by different reasons depending on the area. They include population pressure, socioeconomic factors, policy, and international trade as well as land use patterns. Globalization decreases land productivity hence leading to degradation. As people clear forests so as to create space for mans activities like urbanization and agriculture, the land is left bare. There is nothing to hold the soil together. Such land is prone to soil erosion which if it persists could lead to desertification. Erosion degenerates land hence making it less productive. For farming activities lower the soil organic matter. This usually causes poor soil structure hence increasing the vulnerability of the soil to erosion. China is widely known for its extensive mining activities. There activities have rendered the land bare and hence makes it vulnerable to erosion. 2. Solutions: To tackle this problem, the government needs to educate the masses on the dangers of deforestation and the importance of planting trees. The mining activities are supposed to be controlled so as to prevent the problem from escalating. People need to be taught on the best farming processes that will render the soil vulnerable to erosion. Gabions could also be built in areas that are adversely affected by the problem of erosion. T 2. Land pollution Background Land pollution occurs when hazardous wastes are disposed on the land. Such substances could be urban wastes, agricultural chemicals, fertilizers, industrial wastes and radioactive substances. Such chemicals contaminate the land surface as well as the soil and hence may render the land unsuitable for farming (Engelking 2007, p. 52). This occurs when the urban waste matter is discriminately dumped. The mining processes may also contribute to the process. Such chemicals can lead to respiratory problems, skin complications, birth defects, and even cancer (Engelking, 2009). Solutions The problem of land pollution can be tackled by educating the Citizens of China on the hazard posed by littering the environment. The items that are used domestically could be recycled or reused. People should dispose the waste matter in the right manner. Organic waste has to be disposed in non residential areas while the inorganic matter should be recycled. T3. Water pollution Background This involves the contamination of water bodies. This kind of pollution affects organisms and plants in these water bodies. This damages individual species as well as the biological communities. This form of pollution occurs whenever pollutants are discharged into the bodies without undergoing treatment to remove the harmful compounds. Considering the fact that China is an industrialized nation, factories frequently opt to discharge their affluent into these water bodies. About 90% of the cities in China suffer from water this kind of pollution. Some of the organic water pollutants include detergents, chloroforms, and food processing waste, herbicides and insecticides, petroleum volatile organic compounds. Most of the inorganic pollution is caused by sulfur dioxide, ammonia, chemical wastes, fertilizers, heavy metal substances and silt (Hart, 2007). Solutions This problem can be checked by treating those wastes that are deposited to the water bodies. The sewage systems in especially in urban centers should be kept in good condition so as to prevent the organic waste from trickling into the water bodies. Erosion control measures should be employed to minimize the surface run-off. Farmers need not to overuse the agricultural chemicals. T4. Air Pollution Background Air pollution involves the emission of toxic fumes into the air. Everyone in way contributes to air pollution in his/her capacity. Carbon dioxide is among the main pollutants of the air. This gas forms a big percentage of the gases that are emitted in many factories across China. Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation greatly contribute towards the increased levels of this gas in the atmosphere. It is also emitted during any volcanic activity. It is a major contributor towards global warming. Most automobiles, air jets, and marine vessels also release fume to the atmosphere. Other pollutants include Aerosol sprays, nuclear fumes. Other dangerous gases that pollute the air include carbon monoxide and Sulfur dioxide. Air pollution can cause acid rain, which occurs whenever sulfur dioxide combines with Nitrogen dioxide (Hart 2006, p. 62). Solution This problem can be fixed through reducing the number of automobiles, recycling products, avoiding so much of the fire cracker use; Companies have to treat the gases before they release them into the atmosphere. All these forms of pollutions can be reduced if the government will enact and implement policies that are geared towards reducing the pollution. Companies should embrace social corporate responsibility by embracing environmental friendly policies. Globalization in general should be embraced cautiously because some of its effects could be very harmful to humanity.

On the Value of Philosophy Essay

â€Å"On the Value of Philosophy† by Bertrand Russell discusses the implications of philosophy and philosophical thinking. Special attention is paid to problems and core values of philosophy. The author argues that philosophy should be studied not to find answers for questions of particular interest, but for the sake of the questions themselves. It is noted that philosophy helps to distinguish truth, to enrich intellectual imagination, to enlarge understanding of the world order and to diminish dogmatic assurances. According to the author, human mind should be open for critical thinking and speculation because the power of the mind is strong enough to change the thinking of the globe. Russell states the philosophy aims at providing knowledge â€Å"which gives unity and system to the body of the sciences, and which results from a critical examination of the grounds of our convictions, prejudices, and beliefs†. (Russell, 14) Nevertheless, philosophy hasn’t succeeded in providing definite answers to questions of particular interest. Philosophy is interested mainly in issues which are hardly explanatory. If a questioned is fully answered, then it is separated from philosophy. For example, firstly human mind was a part of philosophy, though later it became a science of psychology. Therefore, philosophy is interested in uncertainty rather than reality. The value of philosophy is in uncertainty. The value of philosophy is that it makes people free in their thinking and attitudes towards the word order. Inability to comprehend philosophy makes all objects definite and common. The greatest value is that philosophy makes all objects great and worthy of attention. Philosophical life is full of something confined and feverish. Russell argues that â€Å"many philosophers have held that philosophy could establish the truth of certain answers to fundamental questions†. (Russell, 16) Thus, philosophy aims at enlarging not only human thoughts towards objections, but also about affections and actions.

Existence of God Argumentative Paper Essay

There are many different types of arguments for the existence of God. With each argument there is a conception presented of God. For each argument there are different approaches. I will be focusing on the Cosmological and Teleological Arguments. Teleological Arguments are known to be arguments from divine, arguing from order in the universe to the existence of God (1).With the ordering of the universe, created by an intelligent being, they hold that it is ordered towards a purpose or an end. The Cosmological Argument â€Å"is the argument that the existence of the world or universe is strong evidence for the existence of a God who created it. It is a first caused argument where the existence of the universe, the argument claims, stands in need of explanation, and the only adequate explanation of its existence is that it was created by God† (1). Behind this argument, it holds that though the universe still needs explanation for its existence, the existence of God Himself does not. In the article McCloskey is critical of these arguments for God’s existence supporting his stance by offering the problem of evil as reasoning to not believe. He believes the belief in the existence of God is not a source of strength and security (2). However, if we are to use the Cumulative Case approach we can have successive truths. This case cumulates the Cosmological, Teleological, as well as, the Moral Arguments together. It gives us the conclusion of a personal, moral, intelligent creator of the universe as the best explanation for the universe we experience (3). McCloskey maintains that the Teleological Argument is not satisfactory and that it can be rejected simply by rejecting its premise. The premise holds that there is in fact evidence of purpose and design. McCloskey says though, that there were many things that were considered evidence or proof, prior to evolution, but those very things are now not being considered as so. Thus, in order to be a proof, there has to be given indisputable examples. Given that the Teleological Argument, presenting disputable examples, says McCloskey, there is no proof. There can be no form of argument with evidence of an intellectual design and/or designer. I would have to argue with McCloskey by using the â€Å"fine-tuning argument.† Within the universe is nothing short of precision, not only of natural laws, but the beginning stages and state of the universe. These both are pointers to an intelligent Creator. The universe is finely-tuned maintaining physical constants of nature (5).The strength of gravity should be considered. With the occurrence of the Big Bang. The gravity had to have precision because even with a little more force used on either side, it would not have occurred as the Big Bang, but the Big Crunch. Even with the slightest change in gravity, it could change the world into something completely other than what we know. That which is being offered as evidenced cannot be questioned. If we were to give to evolution as truth, there is still no grounds for believing it is true. It does nothing but in the end support the theist position, and shows that evolution needs teleology. McCloskey’s main objection to theism is the presence of evil in the world, â€Å"No being who was perfect could have created a world in which there was unavoidable suffering or in which his creatures would(and in fact could have been created so as not to) engage in morally evil acts, acts which very often result in injury to innocent persons† (1). With this problem on McCloskey’s mind, he holds it to the theists. He still wonders how the theist does not take this to mind seeing that it goes against the perfection of the divine purpose. There can be no grounds in a belief of a perfect being. Even if all reason was thrown out, he says the theist at best could only present a pool of beings full of â€Å"concern, dismay, and anxiety, rather than comfort and security† (1). There is a logical problem of evil and there is logical inconsistency when there is both the existence of God and of evil. The atheist holds that there is severe contradiction between claiming God is good, yet evil exists. Mackie, an atheist, says â€Å"†¦the contradiction does not arise immediately; to show it we need some additional premises†¦these additional principles are that good is opposed to evil, in such a way that a good thing always eliminates evil as far as it can, and that there are no limits to what an omnipotent thing can do. From these it follows that a good omnipotent thing eliminates evil completely, and then the propositions that a good omnipotent thing exists, and that evil exists, are incompatible†(8). There exists two kinds of evil. There is â€Å"human evil,† and â€Å"natural evil† in which atheist claim are both forms of needless suffering. The logical problem of evil claims the â€Å"tension† between simultaneously having evil in the world, while also having a perfect God. This would without a doubt be a logical contradiction according to the atheist. There is also the evidential problem of evil. With this claim, there is not contradiction, but the fact that evil exists, if give grounding evidence for being able to reject that God is all-powerful. It is a weaker version of the former, and claims that it is highly unlikely that an all-perfect God exists. Plantinga responds with trying to defend that it is reasonable to believe in God, even without evidence. His positio n is known as â€Å"Reformed Epistemology†. In order for his view to hold he would have to reject the Evidentialist Credo., which he claims rests on Classical Foundationalism. This led him to his positive view, or â€Å"Reformed Epistemology.† This holds that a belief in God is â€Å"properly basic.†Some object to these claims, saying that evil is logically required for good and is needed for us to see the good. Evil is a means and will cause good. There is given the â€Å"free will† defense that is meant to try and answer the problem of evil. Either this would come about by humans free will resulting in a greater good and that evil is ascribed the humans and not God. However, those who oppose this, bring up the issue of natural evils. Mackie stands his ground that God should have given human beings free will in such a way that we always chose the good. The atheist propose God did not create men to choose between right and wrong, and that God is morally inconsistent. In response, the free will theodicy attempts to defeat the former by claiming the suffering of the innocent is justified because of the existence of free will. We as humans have misused our free will, thus what is known as ‘moral evil.’ Other sufferings from evil come from the natural evils. While McCloskey challenges the free will defense, Plantinga proposes the law of non-contradiction. He argues for there could be logically possible affairs whereby God would be unable of creating a world of both evil and autonomous humans (9). Evans puts it simply, â€Å"It does not seem to be true that a good being always eliminates evil as far as it can. What is true, perhaps, is that good being always eliminates evil as far as it can without the loss of a greater good or the allowance of a worse evil† (1). McCloskey objects to the cosmological argument claiming, â€Å"mere existence of the world constitutes no reason for believing in such a being†(1). There has been great objection to this however because of the fact of contingent objects. God is the â€Å"first cause,† the one who began it all. Because there is not explanation for contingent beings, if God is a necessary being, He is the necessary cause of the existence of creation and we as beings. God has no cause, otherwise He would not be God. It is the very existence of the world that implies the existence of God. The â€Å"laws of nature† imply the existence of a lawgiver, God. This position was held by Aristotle, holding firmly against the possibility of infinite regress. The argument from contingency suggests that it is possible the universe might not have existed, thus needing explanation of why it does in fact exist. In essence, it must have a cause. This leads to the belief in â€Å"necessary being,â⠂¬  meaning a being that needs no explanation. The temporal cosmological argument holds that the beginning of the universe was either caused or uncaused. However, objectors to this say we cannot actually claim whether the universe â€Å"had to exist.† Also, a â€Å"necessary being† comes into question. The refuters say this line of argument does not give enough explanation of why there could not be more than one cause. There is no ground for putting God as the first cause or prime mover. Time and causality as we know it cannot be grounds for explaining the beginnings of the universe. However, those objecting to McCloskey, hold if there were a being like the universe, then he would exist in time, thus he himself came into existence. But, the ultimate cause must not have come into existence. For it to be an ultimate cause, the ultimate Creator must be outside of time. (10).What McCloskey fails to realize, is that not every argument is going to capture every aspect of God. There are many different arguments that go abo ut doing that. If God does not exist, then all has no hope of immortality. Life, the world, and everything in it is meaningless. There would be no purpose or significance to anyone or anything. This leaves us with no ultimate meaning without immorality and God. Would we be able to say there was any purpose or meaning to someone who lived just to die? To be born just to pass out of existence? Lane says that it is not just each individual person that is headed towards the grave, but the universe itself is headed for extinction. This all in all is hopeless. Dying man, in a dying world. If this is the case, the small details in life do not matter, it does not make a difference. Our behaviors, our choices do not matter. Dotoyevsky said â€Å"If there is no immortality then all things are permitted† (11). Without God, there is no accountability, morality, or sense of right and wrong. Even more so, in a universe without God, good and evil do not exist (11). However, if we were to say there were no God, we would still be without purpose because we would just be accidental. We would just be accidents of chance. The only view that can save the human race from itself is a theistic view (11). The only thing going for an atheist is living with the fact of the absurdity of life. Such a view makes it impossible to live a fulfilling, happy life. For the atheist, absurdity of life and creating meaning for one’s life is a contradiction. A major disadvantage of atheism is that no one has hope or faith for reward of good or and punishment of evil. A believer’s hope is this, Christ. Ephesians 3:11 tells us that God had a purpose I mind before He created. Man within his own voluntary will would be able to love and choose God. Nature alone points to God. Humanity and the universe itself does not have to exist. Both are not self-existent but caused. There is no explanation for their existence. Within a Christian world view, life is not meaningless and pointless ending at the grave. We have hope in the resurrection and of eternal life. God and immortality are both necessary for a meaning full life (11). Bibliography 11- Craig, William Lane. â€Å"The Absurdity of Life without God.† In Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, by William Lane Craig, 71-90. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2008. 1-Evans, C. Stephen, and R. Zachary Manis. Philosophy of Religion: Thinking About Faith. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2009. 8- Kunkle,Brett. â€Å"The Logical Problem of Evil.† Truth Never Gets Old. April 21, 2009 2- McCloskey, H. J. â€Å"On Being an Atheist.† Question (1968): 63-69. 5- Biologos. â€Å"What is the â€Å"fine-tuning† of the universe, and how does it serve as a â€Å"pointer to God?† 9- http://kevinfannystevenson.blogspot.com/2012/07/on-being-theist-response-to-h-j.html 10- http://www.existence-of-god.com/first-cause-argument.html